¹ú¿ªÐÅÏ¢¼¼ÊõÓ¦ÓÃ,¹ú¿ªÔÚÏß½ÌÓý¿Æ¼¼ÓÐÏÞ¹«Ë¾
- À¸Ä¿£º±±¾©´ú°ì¹«Ë¾
- À´Ô´£ºÓû§Í¶¸å
- ·¢±íʱ¼ä£º2025-07-18
ÐèÒª¿ª¹«Ë¾µÄС»ï°é¶¼±È½Ï¹ØÐĹú¿ªÐÅÏ¢¼¼ÊõÓ¦ÓÃ,¹ú¿ªÔÚÏß½ÌÓý¿Æ¼¼ÓÐÏÞ¹«Ë¾£¬±±¾©öÎÆóÍø¹¤ÉÌ×¢²á´úÀíÍøÍ¨¹ýÊý¾ÝÕûÀí»ã¼¯Á˹ú¿ªÐÅÏ¢¼¼ÊõÓ¦ÓÃ,¹ú¿ªÔÚÏß½ÌÓý¿Æ¼¼ÓÐÏÞ¹«Ë¾Ïà¹ØÐÅÏ¢£¬ÏÂÃæÒ»Æð¿´¿´¡£
¹ù¿ÔÚÏß½ÌÓý¿Æ¼¼ÓÐÏÞ¹«Ë¾ÔõôÑù£¿¹ãÖݹù¿ÐÅÏ¢¼¼ÊõÓÐÏÞ¹«Ë¾¼ò½é3360¹ù¿Êǹú¼Ò¿ª·Å´óѧÅàѵѧԺÁªºÏÔÚÏß½ÌÓý¿Æ¼¼ÓÐÏÞ¹«Ë¾ÒÀÍйú¼Ò¿ª·Å´óѧÖúѧ¼Æ»®ºÍѧ·ÖÒøÐеÄÓÅÖÊ×ÊÔ´´òÔìµÄÖ¤Êéѧϰƽ̨¡£·¨¶¨´ú±íÈËÊÇ£ºÄêµÄÖÜÓÀÉú¡£
CDBÊÇÈ«ÈÕÖÆÑ§Î»Â𣿵Ǽ¹ÙÍø¹ú¼Ò¿ª·Å´óѧÊÇ·ÇÈ«ÈÕÖÆÑ§Î»¡£
¿ªÖйúÄϾ©Í¶×Ê·¢Õ¹ÓÐÏÞ¹«Ë¾ÔõôÑù£¿¹ú¿ª¼¯ÍÅÓÐÏÞ¹«Ë¾°×ɽ×ʱ¾ÔÚÄϾ©ºÃÏñͦÓÐÃûÆøµÄ£¬Ó¦¸ÃûÎÊÌâ¡£
¹ù¿ÐÂÄÜÔ´¿Æ¼¼ÓÐÏÞ¹«Ë¾ÔõôÑù£¿¹ù¿µçÆø¹É·ÝÓÐÏÞ¹«Ë¾¹ù¿ÐÂÄÜÔ´¿Æ¼¼ÓÐÏÞ¹«Ë¾ÊÇÓÚ2014Äê12ÔÂ17ÈÕÔÚ±±¾©¾¼Ã¼¼Êõ¿ª·¢Çø×¢²áµÄÓÐÏÞÔðÈι«Ë¾(ÖÐÍâºÏ×Ê)¡£Æä×¢²áµØÖ·Î»ÓÚ±±¾©¾¼Ã¼¼Êõ¿ª·¢ÇøÊ¢µÏ±±½Ö1ºÅ36ºÅÂ¥¡£
ÀÏʦ˵³ÉÈË´óרѧÀú¿ÉÒÔ½úÉýΪ¹ú¼Ò·þÎñ£¬Ê²Ã´Êǹú¼Ò¿ª·Å´óѧ£¬Ê²Ã´Êǹú¼Ò¿ª·Å´óѧ(Ó¢ÎÄ£ºThe Open University of China)ÊǽÌÓý²¿Ö±ÊôµÄÐÂÐ͸ߵȽÌÓý»ú¹¹£¬ÒÔÏÖ´úÐÅÏ¢¼¼ÊõΪ֧³Å£¬Ñ§Àú½ÌÓýºÍ·ÇѧÀú½ÌÓý²¢ÖØ£¬ÊµÐÐÔ¶³Ì¿ª·Å½ÌÓý¡£Äã¿ÉÒÔ
¹ù¿ÊÇÒ»ËùʲôÑùµÄѧУ£¿ÄúºÃ£¬¹ù¿¿Æ¼¼´´ÒµÍ¶×ÊÓÐÏÞ¹«Ë¾£¬¹ú¼Ò¿ª·Å´óѧÊǽÌÓý²¿Ö±Êô£¬ÒÔÏÖ´úÐÅÏ¢¼¼ÊõΪ֧³Å£¬Ñ§Àú½ÌÓýÓë·ÇѧÀú½ÌÓý²¢¾Ù£¬ÊµÊ©Ô¶³Ì¿ª·Å½ÌÓýµÄÐÂÐ͸ߵÈѧУ¡£Ñ§Ð£ÊÇÔڹ㲥µçÊÓ´óѧµÄ»ù´¡ÉϽ¨Á¢ÆðÀ´µÄ£¬ÃæÏòÈ«
¹ù¿ÐÂÄÜÔ´¿Æ¼¼ÓÐÏÞ¹«Ë¾ÊÇÕæÊǼ٣¿¹ù¿Æ½Ì¨µÄÍøÕ¾ÊÇÕæÊµµÄ¡£¹ù¿ÐÂÄÜÔ´¿Æ¼¼ÓÐÏÞ¹«Ë¾(ÒÔϼò³Æ¡°¹ù¿ÐÂÄÜÔ´¡±)ÓÚ2014Äê12ÔÂÔÚ±±¾©Òàׯע²á³ÉÁ¢¡£³õʼ=×ʽðΪÈËÃñ±Ò19.7ÒÚÔª£¬·ÖÁ½ÆÚÖ§¸¶¡£¿ªÆô¹ú¼ÒÐÂÄÜÔ´Ö÷Òµ
¹ú¼Ò¿ª·Å´óѧ±ÏÒµÐèÒª¶à¾Ã£¿¹ú¼Ò¿ª·Å´óѧ2113ÉêÇë±¾¿ÆÐèÒªÁ½Äê°ëµÄʱ¼ä¡£µç´óʵÐÐѧ·ÖÖÆ£¬²¢°ä·¢Ñ§ÀúÖ¤Êé.¿ÉÔÚ½ÌÓý²¿Î¨Ò»Ñ§ÀúÖ¤Ê顪¡ªÖйú¸ßµÈ½ÌÓýÐÅÏ¢Íø²éµ½¡£
ÖÐÖ¤ÐÅÏ¢¼¼Êõ·þÎñÓÐÏÞ¹«Ë¾ÔõôÑù£¿CDB:ÖÐÖ¤ÐÅÏ¢¼¼Êõ·þÎñÓÐÏÞ¹«Ë¾ÊǾÖйúÖ¤¼à»áÅú×¼²¢Ö±½Ó¹ÜÀíµÄ֤ȯ½ðÈÚ»ú¹¹¡£ÆäÖ÷ÒªÖ°ÔðÊÇΪ×ʱ¾Êг¡Ìṩ»ù´¡ÐÅÏ¢ºÍ¼¼Êõ·þÎñ£¬°üÀ¨µç×ÓÐÅÏ¢Åû¶(
¸ß¿¼ºÍ¹ù¿ÄĸöºÃ£¿¹ù¿¼¯Íżò½é£¿ÄãµÄºÃÅóÓÑ£¡Êǹú¼ÒÖ±Êô»ú¹ØÕÐÆ¸¿¼ÊÔ£¬ÊôÓÚ¼Óÿ¼ÊÔ£¬¾ÍÏñÄãÈ¥ÆóҵӦƸµÄ±ÊÊÔÒ»Ñù¡£¶øÁíÍâÁ½´Î¿¼ÊÔÊÇΪÁËÉîÔì¡£²»ÖªµÀÄãÊǾÍÒµ»¹ÊǼÌÐøÉîÔì¡£³É¹¦
¸ü¶à¹ú¿ªÐÅÏ¢¼¼ÊõÓ¦ÓÃ,¹ú¿ªÔÚÏß½ÌÓý¿Æ¼¼ÓÐÏÞ¹«Ë¾Ïà¹ØÐÅÏ¢ÇëÁªÏµ±±¾©öÎÆóÍø¹¤ÉÌ×¢²á´úÀíÍø¿Í·þ£¬Ò»Õ¾Ê½´úÀí±±¾©¹«Ë¾×¢²áºÍ±±¾©×¢²á¹«Ë¾µÈй«Ë¾×¢²áÐÅÏ¢¡£
¹ú¿ªÐÅÏ¢¼¼ÊõÓ¦ÓÃ,¹ú¿ªÔÚÏß½ÌÓý¿Æ¼¼ÓÐÏÞ¹«Ë¾ÍƼöÔĶÁ£º
¿ª¹«Ë¾±Ø±¸°ì¹«ÓÃÆ·,й«Ë¾³ÉÁ¢ÐèÒªÂòµÄ°ì¹«ÓÃÆ·Çåµ¥
¸ßм¼ÊõÆóÒµÊÊÓõÄÓÅ»Ý˰ÂÊ,¸ßм¼ÊõÆóҵ˰ÊÕÓÅ»ÝÆÚÏÞ
Ï뿪¸öÖ±²¥¹«Ë¾ÔõôŪ,Ö÷²¥¿ª¹«Ë¾¶¼×öʲô
µ¥Î»×¨ÓÃÕË»§¿ÉÒÔ¿ª¼¸¸ö,Ò»¹²¹«Ë¾¿ÉÒÔ¿ª¼¸¸ö¹«»§
¹ã¶«ÖÐɽ¼ÒÕþ¹«Ë¾ÔÚÄÄÀ︽½ü,ÖÐɽ×î´óµÄ¼ÒÕþ¹«Ë¾µØÖ·ÔÚÄÄÀï
´´°ìÔËÓª³É±¾Ôõôд,¿ªÒµ³É±¾ÔËÓª³É±¾
»ÛËãÕ˳ɶ¼·Ö¹«Ë¾,³É¶¼»ÛËãÕ˹«Ë¾ÔõôÑù
пª¹«Ë¾Ô±¹¤Ôõô½»Éç±£,¸Õ³ÉÁ¢µÄ¹«Ë¾Ôõô½»Éç±£
×îÔç¡¢×î¼òµ¥µÄÆóÒµ×éÖ¯ÐÎʽÊÇ,Ò»°ãÈÏΪ,¹«Ë¾×îÔç·¢Ô´ÓÚ
- ¹ú¿ªÐÅÏ¢¼¼ÊõÓ¦ÓÃ,¹ú¿ªÔÚÏß½ÌÓý¿Æ¼¼ÓÐÏÞ¹«Ë¾
- ÐÅÑô°ìÓªÒµÖ´ÕÕ,ÐÅÑôÓÐʲô¹«Ë¾
- ¿ª¹«Ë¾±Ø±¸°ì¹«ÓÃÆ·,й«Ë¾³ÉÁ¢ÐèÒªÂòµÄ°ì¹«ÓÃÆ·Çåµ¥
- ¸ßм¼ÊõÆóÒµÊÊÓõÄÓÅ»Ý˰ÂÊ,¸ßм¼ÊõÆóҵ˰ÊÕÓÅ»ÝÆÚÏÞ
- Ï뿪¸öÖ±²¥¹«Ë¾ÔõôŪ,Ö÷²¥¿ª¹«Ë¾¶¼×öʲô
- µ¥Î»×¨ÓÃÕË»§¿ÉÒÔ¿ª¼¸¸ö,Ò»¹²¹«Ë¾¿ÉÒÔ¿ª¼¸¸ö¹«»§
- ¹ã¶«ÖÐɽ¼ÒÕþ¹«Ë¾ÔÚÄÄÀ︽½ü,ÖÐɽ×î´óµÄ¼ÒÕþ¹«Ë¾µØÖ·ÔÚÄÄÀï
- ´´°ìÔËÓª³É±¾Ôõôд,¿ªÒµ³É±¾ÔËÓª³É±¾
- »ÛËãÕ˳ɶ¼·Ö¹«Ë¾,³É¶¼»ÛËãÕ˹«Ë¾ÔõôÑù
- пª¹«Ë¾Ô±¹¤Ôõô½»Éç±£,¸Õ³ÉÁ¢µÄ¹«Ë¾Ôõô½»Éç±£
- ×îÔç¡¢×î¼òµ¥µÄÆóÒµ×éÖ¯ÐÎʽÊÇ,Ò»°ãÈÏΪ,¹«Ë¾×îÔç·¢Ô´ÓÚ
- ¹ó°²¿ªÍ¶´ýÓö,¹ó°²ÐÂÇø¿ªÍ¶¹«Ë¾ÔõôÑù
- ¹«Ë¾ÒøÐпª»§ÉóºËÄÑÂð,ÒøÐпª»§ ¾°ìÈË ÓÐûÓзçÏÕ
- Ôõô¿ÉÒÔ¿ªÓéÀÖ¹«Ë¾,ÈçºÎ¾ÓªÓéÀÖ¹«Ë¾
- ÎüÎÛ³µÓ¦¸Ã°ìʲôÊÖÐø,¸öÈËÎüÎÛ³µÐèÒª°ìÓªÒµÖ´ÕÕÂð
- ±±¾©¹¤É̹«Ë¾×¢²áºÅ²éѯµÄ²½Öè¼°×¢ÒâÊÂÏîÊÇʲô£¿
- ÍøÂçÐÅÏ¢¹«Ë¾×¢²á£¨ÍøÂçÐÅÏ¢¹«Ë¾×¢²áÁ÷³ÌÏê½â£©
- ÉîÛÚ×¢²á¹«Ë¾²¹Öú£¨ÉîÛÚÊÐ×¢²á¹«Ë¾ËùÐè²¹ÌùÕþ²ß£©
- ×¢²á°áÔ˹«Ë¾£¨°áÔ˹«Ë¾×¢²áËùÐè²ÄÁϼ°Á÷³Ì£©
- ×¢²á½ÌÓý¹«Ë¾·¶Î§£¨×¢²á½ÌÓý¹«Ë¾µÄ¾ßÌåÒµÎñ·¶Î§£©
- ʯ¾°É½Ð¹«Ë¾×¢²áÐèÒª°ìÀíÒøÐпª»§ÊÖÐøÂ𣿿ª»§ÐèҪ׼±¸ÄÄЩ²ÄÁÏ£¿
- ±±¾©Í¨ÖÝÇø¹«Ë¾×¢²á·ÑÓã¨Á˽â×¢²á¹«Ë¾ËùÐè·ÑÓü°Á÷³Ì£©
- ·¿É½¹¤É̱ä¸ü·þÎñ
- ¹ãÎ÷ÈÚ×ʵ£±£¹«Ë¾×ªÈñä¸üʱ¼ä
- ±±¾©×¨Òµ¹«Ë¾Ãû³Æ±ä¸üºËÃû³ÏОӪ
- ±±¾©×ªÈñ±¾©Ð¡¶î*¹«Ë¾°ü±ä¸ü¶àÉÙÇ®
- ±±¾©¹«Ë¾»§³µÖ¸±êתÈü۸ñºÍ±ä¸üÁ÷³Ì
- ±±¾©Ë³Ò幤É̱ä¸ü°ìÀíÁ÷³ÌÏê½â
- ±±¾©¹«Ë¾µØÖ·±ä¸üסլµÄ×¢ÒâÊÂÏ·¨ÂÉ·çÏÕºÍʵ¼Ê²Ù×÷½¨Ò飩
- ±±¾©¹«Ë¾µØÖ·±ä¸üÉêÇëÊ飬³É¹¦×ªÐ͵ķ½·¨ÔÚÕâÀï